such as diathermy machines, catheters, cystoscopes, and radium emanation tubes. Treat urologic disorders using alternatives to traditional surgery such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, laparoscopy, and laser techniques. Direct the work of nurses, residents, or other staff to provide patient care. Provide urology consultation to physicians or other health care professionals. Refer patients to specialists when condition exceeds experience, expertise, or scope of practice. Document or review patients' histories. Teach or train medical and clinical staff.